Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home
<p>The main aim of the <strong>Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results </strong>to publish the negative results so that newer generation of researchers should not waste their time and money repeating the same studies and finding the same unpublishable results. Most of the journals have published only the positive results and findings. However they do not publish negative results. We believe negative results are also a part of quality research. <br /><br /><strong>Research papers: </strong>Original research work will be considered under this section depending on the volume and quality of work.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>Articles on new methods/procedures on drug evaluation, testing and analyses will be published. Innovative studies on established methodologies and their modification will also be considered. The articles must be supported by data.</p> <p><strong>Rapid communication: </strong>An article will be accepted for rapid communication if it merits priority publication. The decision of acceptance or otherwise will be communicated within 4 weeks of receipt of the manuscript and accepted articles will be published in the following issue.</p> <p><strong>Research letters: </strong>Preliminary work with hard data can be published as a Letter. Brief research communications will also be accepted under this section.</p> <p><strong>Correspondence: </strong>Comment(s) on previously published articles, items of current interest and articles of general interest and views can be submitted for this section.<br /> </p> <p><strong>Note : Journal Publishes articles both Positive and Negative results</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>RESEARCHTRENTZ ACAD PUBL EDUCATION SERVICES , 240 Elm Street, 2nd & 3rd Floors, Somerville, United States, MA, 02144enJournal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results0976-9234Fabrication Of Hydrogel Infused With Geranium Oil Loaded Nanosponges: Pharmaceutical And In-Vivo Evaluation
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10839
<p>Geranium oil is a volatile oil that is derived from the leaves of Pelargonium graveolens and has a variety of pharmacologic effects. The main constituents of the essential oil were citronellol (37.5%), geraniol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7%), menthone (3.1%), linalool (3.0%), β-bourbonene (2.7%), iso-menthone (2.1%) and geranyl formate (2.0%). Geraniol is an acyclic monoterpene primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil. The formulation was developed to improve safety and efficacy of active component. The rate of drug delivery at targeted site can be achieved through this dosage form. Furthermore, the volatile nature of its main active component may cause volatilization and interaction with other formulation elements. To address these issues, our study intends to develop geranium-loaded nanosponges with improved antifungal properties. The formulation's antifungal activity against Candida glabrata. Six nanosponge formulations with various ingradients were created. Following the main assessment, three formulations were investigated further: Agar: EC (1:2), PVA: EC (1:1), and HPMC: EC (1:2). Particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, FESEM, and in vitro release were all tested on the produced formulations. The nanosponge dispersions were all nanosized, and the nanosponges had a spherical uniform shape with a spongy structure, according to FESEM data. The nanosponges made using PVA: EC (1:1) were determined to be superior in the in-vitro release testing, as they displayed sustained drug release from nanosponges and were subsequently selected for antifungal potential investigation. Additionally, the produced mixture was evaluated for antifungal efficacy against C. albican, with findings confirming the nanosponges' excellent antifungal activity.</p>
ArticlesAmol Tangade , Dr. Manish Kumar, Dipak Kardile, Pravin Awate ,Vishwas Bhagat
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2022-12-152022-12-156829684810.47750/8jx6kb14Efficacy Of Denture Adhesives On Retention Of Complete Dentures - A Comparitive Invivo Study
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10830
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of denture adhesive on retention of complete dentures and its duration of action</p> <p><strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> powder and paste form of commercially available denture adhesive. Dyanamometer for measuring dislodging forces of dentures</p> <p><strong>Statistical analysis used:</strong> IBM SPSS version 20 software (IBM SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Independent samples t tests, paired t tests were done to analyze the study data. Bar charts with error bars and line diagrams were used for data presentation</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>paste form has significant difference in retention of dentures compared to powder form. Retention improved immediately after application and decreased with time. Significant improvement is seen with use of denture adhesives<strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> physical form of denture adhesive plays role in enhancing retention of dentures. Paste form is more effective than powder form among adhesive systems. Usage of denture adhesive provides effective retention thereby enhancing chewing efficiency and confidence of patient in denture wearing.</p>
ArticlesDr.Reddy Priya Darshini , Dr.Bitragunta Rajendra Prasad , Dr. Sangani Sowjanya , Dr.Pathuri Raveen Teja , Dr. K. Akhila Devi , Dr. Karri Akhil Sai Reddy
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2022-12-312022-12-316824682810.47750/tdgf3x19Evaluating The State Of Oxidative Stress And Some Biochemical Variables Among Barbers In The City Of Samarra
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10824
<p>A study was conducted to determine the effect of dealing with hair dyes and hair straighteners and the gases they emit on the barbers who deal with them. The study revealed the following؛ High levels of oxidative stress in male and female barbers due to high levels of peroxynitrite radicals .Low levels of endogenous antioxidants such as SOD enzyme, total protein, and globulin in male and female barbers compared to control as a control sample. Lipid profile increased in male barbers compared to control as a control sample. Damage occurred to the barbers' liver cells, resulting in the release of enzymes into the bloodstream and an increase in the level of ALT, AST. It was also shown from the blood glucose level that barbers are most at risk of developing diabetes. From the above, it has been shown that the damage resulting from dealing with hair dyes and hair straighteners is higher for female barbers than for male barbers.</p>
ArticlesNoor Essam Abdul-Razzaq
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2023-12-152023-12-1584585810.47750/y6qe3117Road Traffic Accident Characteristics And Injury Outcomes Among Victims In Mosul City
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10823
<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Road traffic accident (RTAs) refer to fatal or nonfatal injuries caused by the collision of at least one moving vehicle on a public road. At present, RTIs are the eighth leading cause of death in the world and the fifth leading cause of reduced life expectancy and have been a persistent problem that the Chinese government is committed to dealing with. The aim of this study was to assess the causes and complication of road traffic accident in Mosul city.</p> <p><strong>Material and methods:</strong> The questionnaire consisted of three parts, the first includes (the demographic characteristics of the accident victims), the second includes (the characteristics of the accident), and the third part includes (the nature of the injuries). A non-probability convenience sample of (78) accident victims was recruited from the emergency departments of Al-Salam and Aljumhoory Hospitals for the period from 1<sup>st</sup> January 1<sup>st</sup> to February, 2023.Data were collected through direct interview with the victims or their relatives follows the authority of Nineveh Health Director.</p> <p><strong>Result:</strong> The study find out the Speed was identified as the leading cause of accidents, accounting for 28.2% of the cases.Other significant causes included inattention (28.2%), the road conditions (21.8%), and the weather (9.0%).Phone use, traffic safety, and other factors contributed to a smaller percentage of accidents..</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study concludes that Speed was identified as the leading cause of accidents, accounting for 28.2% of the cases, and the study found that the rate of death about one quarter (23.1 %) of the victims.</p> <p><strong>Recommendation:</strong> The study recommended proposals that could be submitted to the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Higher Education, to hold awareness seminars for secondary school students and universities for educate about the dangers of roads accidents to reduce them.</p>
ArticlesSarmad Muqdad Abed , Ahmed Abdel-Qader Suleiman , Salim Shihab Ahmed , Nasir Muwfaq Younis , Mahmoud Mohammad Ahmed
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2023-09-152023-09-154102410810.47750/t2r8xd14Development Of Controlled release Formulations Of proton Pump Inhibitors Of Esomeprazole
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10820
<p>This study aims to develop a controlled1release tablet (ECRT) dose version of Esomeprazol. Esomeprazol is a Proton1Pump1Inhibitor (PPI) medication used to treat gastro-esophageal reflux1disease (GERD). Controlled1release medication delivery systems increase patient compliance, therapeutic effectiveness, adverse effects & dosing regimen. The primary goal of paper is to create controlled1release1formulations of Esomeprazole Proton Pump Inhibitors. The following are the investigation's primary goals: Esomeprazole calibration curve construction for drug & polymer interaction research using FTIR and DSC. To create various controlled1release1formulations of Esomeprazol tablets using various polymer such as Poly-methacrylates suchas Eudra git- S100, Eudra git-L100, Eudra git-RSPO, Eudra git-RS100, Eudra git-RL100 & Eudra git RLPO through the Direct1Compression technique.</p>
ArticlesSHASHI SHEKHAR TRIPATHI , Dr. A. K. S. RAWAT , Co-Guide: Dr. AKASH VED
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2022-12-312022-12-316816682310.47750/h1tga556Knowledge Economy And Participation In The Entrepreneurship Of A Peruvian Economic Sector. Review Study
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10818
<p>The knowledge economy has as its underlying theme the application of knowledge to the development and economic growth of societies, having as support elements the technological instruments that today make the world possible as a product of globalization. The objective is to show the participation of the knowledge economy in the entrepreneurship of SMEs in the footwear sector in Peru. The methodology is descriptive and reflective. As a result, it is established that it is so necessary that individuals and organizations make use of such means that facilitate information and communication technologies in order to disseminate knowledge on a larger scale, which generates the authentic wealth and productivity of a country.</p>
ArticlesMaría Cristina Huaripata Chunque , William Armando Reyes Alva , Aurelio Daniel Recuenco Cabrera
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2023-12-012023-12-0116117110.47750/8y0rqf61A Role Of Tripahaldi Kashaya Ghana Vati And Modified Diet In Management Of Obesity
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10816
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Obesity is an increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat. A person who due to extensive growth of fat and flesh is unable to work and disfigured with pendulous buttocks, belly and breasts is called Atisthula and condition is termed as Atisthaulya.<strong> Methodology</strong>- It is an<strong> </strong>open labeled randomized comparative interventional clinical trial. 20 patients were enrolled in each group. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A: Triphaladi Kashaya Ghana Vati 3 Tablets, (each tab.500 mg), Three times in a day before meals with Sukhoshanjal for 30 days+ Laghu bhojana + Vyayama. Group B: Placebo cap. 2 capsules (each cap.500 mg) Three times in a day before meals with Sukhoshanjal for 30 days+ Laghu bhojana + Vyayama. <strong>Result: </strong>In both the groups A and B no patients got cured completely. Moderate improvement in Group A was 70% and mild improvement was in 30% of the patients while in Group B mild improvement was in 30% of patients and rest 70% patients remain unchanged. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The Lekhana Karma and Ruksha property of drugs has scraping action on Meda and Mamsa Dhatu and thus helpful in management of Sthaulya. </p>
ArticlesPragya , Preetpal Singh , Deepak Gangwar
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2022-12-312022-12-316800681510.47750/ws9ffb85Sars-Co-2 Vaccine Adverse Effects
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10815
<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaccine adverse effects VAE is one of the most vital areas of human mass vaccination programs.Covid-19 vaccines are not an exception to this theme. Covid -19 VAE occupied the forefront area in the current covid-19 vaccine research. It broadly categorized into simple and complex or serious VAE. The simple account for tender and swelling in muscle injection sites ,as well as fever. The complex or serious VAE can be ramified into vaccine associated enhancement of disease VAE and Vaccine failure VF. Both of VAE and VF are a matter of debate in covid-19 vaccine manufacturing holds. Though they were currently reportable all over the world.</p> <p><strong>Methods : </strong>The present work aimed at a ; follow up report of VAED and VF cases in the post-vaccination period .</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Immune vascular embolism in lungs and in the lower left arterial embolism in leg , thermbo-cytopenia ,cardio-pathy, atopic and delayed skin hypersensitivity. While VF was as break through sars-cov-2 infection as pulmonary , gastric and long forms. A total of 20 cases which account for0.026 per thousand of the total vaccine coverage during the study period in this area..</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The immune mechanisms behind each of VAE cases were discussed. These findings stands as a novel contribution in this area.</p>
ArticlesIbrahim M S Shnawa , Ali ALKhafagy
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2023-12-012023-12-0115216010.47750/xwgz5465Pharmacodynamics Analysis Of Ceftriaxone Against Klebsiella Pneumonia Isolated From Covid-19 Patients
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10809
<p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Pneumonia is a general term for infections of the lungs that lead to inflammation of one or both lungs' parenchyma that is more often due to accumulation of fluids and white blood cells in the alveoli. It is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in human and animals. Pneumonia is usually bacterial in nature and due to the high risk of morbidity; the major causes of Pneumonia are S. pneumonia, K. pneumonia, S.aureus and other type of bacteria. The major health problems caused by K. pneumonia are considered as a common. ceftriaxone is a third generation of cephalosporin are widely used to treat serious infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, however, beginning with the initial description to get rid of Pneumonia. The prevalence of K. pneumonia is 32% of all other causes of pneumonia. MIC recording 128 μg/ml that inhibited growth of K. pneumonia (256 μg/ml) is killed K. pneumonia so considers the (MBC), Time killing curve of each 2x MICs, and 4x MICs concentrations of ceftriaxone showed a distinguished bactericidal effect at 6<sup>th</sup> and 24hr respectively. The time of post-antibiotic effect that recorded in 1x MIC and 10x MIC culture after removal of Ceftrixone effect were 0.51 hr. (30.6 min) and 0.80 hr. (48 min.). MPC/MIC ratio is 2 for ceftriaxone.</p>
ArticlesMohammed Mosleh Shwaish, Orooba M.S. Ibrahim
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2022-12-312022-12-316792679910.47750/2svd0s04Pharmacodynamics Efficacy Of Fosfomycin In Alone And Double Combination With Ciprofloxacin Against Multi-Drugs Resistant E. Coli O157:H7 Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection In Rats
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10808
<p>The rates of urinary tract infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli have increased and the treatment of these infections with antimicrobial agents (fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, β-lactams, nitrofurantoin, etc.) are becoming limited or ineffective due to the increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics efficacy of Fosfomycin alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin against E. coli O157:H7 isolated from urinary tract infection in rats (in vivo); the elected parameters had been subjected were clinical signs, serum creatinine, urea and histopathology of kidney. In vivo study involved inducing UTI in rats and then treated with (50 mg/kg B.W) fosfomycin and compared with fosfomycin/ciprofloxacin (FOS/CIP) treatment at a dose of (12.5/1 mg/kg B.W) orally for 5 and 3 days respectively. FOS/CIP combination succeeded in treated UTI caused by Escherichia coli in the infected rats and returned the clinical signs, creatinine, and urea level as well as histopathology of the kidney to normal values after 3 day of treatment compared with fosfomycin which succeeded in returned to normal values after 5 days of treatment. These findings indicated that FOS/CIP combination was effective in inhibiting E. coli O157:H7 and prevent UTIs infection; thus it possesses antimicrobial activity and hold great promise as an antimicrobial agent.</p>
ArticlesSamir Abed Mohammed , Orooba M.S. Ibrahim
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2022-12-312022-12-316782679110.47750/bseacy33EXTREMISM DETECTION ON SOCIAL MEDIA USING SVM TEXT CLASSIFIER
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10805
<p>Spread of extremism on social media is major issue nowadays. Extremism can be expressed in the form of hate speech. It is necessary to distinguish hate speech from offensive language. In text documents hate speech can be detected by text classification. Text classifiers based on supervised machine learning can be used for hate speech detection. In this paper we discussed a method for hate speech detection by performing text classification with SVM. The dataset we used for experiments contained text tweets having hate speech or offensive language or neither hate speech nor offensive language. We used SVM classifiers with different kernels i.e. linear, sigmoid and RBF kernel. The highest classification accuracy was delivered by SVM with RBF kernel i.e. 89.04%.</p>
ArticlesVijay , Dr. Pushpneel Verma
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2021-05-132021-05-1312613110.47750/vahhd779A Validated Rp-Hplc Method For Simultaneous Determination Of Lamivudine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate And Efavirenz In Tablet Formulation
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10800
<p>A simple, rapid, specific, accurate, robust and reproducible Reverse phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Emtrictabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The quantification was carried out using Inertsil ODS-3V column C<sub>18</sub> (250×4.6mm, 5µm) with mobile phase composing of Acetonitrile: 1%IPA in 80:20%v/v at flow rate 1ml/min, detection was carried out at 256nm using PDA detector with injection volume 20µl, the retention time was found to be 2.4, 2.8 and 5.2. The proposed method was validated as per ICH Q2B guidelines. The method produced linear response in the concentration ranges of 5-25µg/ml (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.999), 7.5-37.5µg/ml (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.999) and 15-45µg/ml (R<sup>2</sup>= 0.999). The recovery studies were carried out and found to be within 98-102%. The %RSD was found to be within limit. LOD &LOQ of method was found to be within limit. The proposed method was statistically evaluated and can be applied for the routine analysis and quality control of raw materials, formulation for Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz.</p>
ArticlesM.Meenakshi Sundari , M.Lakshmi Surekha
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2023-04-122023-04-122065207310.47750/nkv9ef45Preparation And In Vitro Characterisation OfMetformin Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles ForGastroretention
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10798
<p>The objective of current study was to formulate and assess metformin hydrochloride (MET) nanoparticles (NPs) utilising various hydrophilic polymers. To formulate nanoparticles without the side effects on the body of surfactants and chlorinated solvents, the nano precipitation approach was employed. MET-NPs were synthesised by hydrophilic polymers, including gelatin, chitosan, and HPMC K100M. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), loading capacity (LC),<br />encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug excipient compatibility were then assessed for the prepared formulations. Satisfactory results were obtained from the preparation of a nanoparticulate formulation using chitosan in a 1:1 ratio. The average PS was321.14 ± 11.20 nm, the PDI was 0.432 ± 0.04, the ZP was 29.4±3.14 mV, the LC was 19.11 ± 0.43 %, and the EE was 78.9 ± 1.22 %. The drug and the polymers utilised in this investigation did not interact significantly, according to the results of the<br />FTIR examination.</p>
ArticlesGamal Osman Elhassan , Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed , R.A.M. Jainaf Nachiya , Jiyauddin Khan
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2023-12-152023-12-1514114610.47750/zkhpr715Nurses' Performance And Self-Efficacy About Open Versus Closed Suction On Intubated Adult Patients: A Comparative Study
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10796
<p><br /><strong>Background:</strong> Closed-system endotracheal suction improves oxygen desaturation by reducing the lung tidal volume that follows open-system endotracheal suction. Evidence-based practices: more of these nurses’ practices are unobserved and not upgraded. It is necessary to improve their knowledge and skills to be more competent at suctioning. This study aimed to compare nurses' performance and self-efficacy about open versus closed suction on intubated adult patients.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Method:</strong> A cross-sectional comparative research design study was conducted at adult intensive care units in Suez Canal University hospitals. They were sorted into two groups by random selection: group (I) included 32 nurses for whom open suction, while group (II) included 32 nurses for whom closed suction was utilized. Utilizing self-administered questionnaires to assess nurses’ demographic features and level of knowledge, self-efficacy, and observational checklists to assess nurses' practice.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a highly statistically significant difference between intensive care nurses' performance in open and closed suction (68% and 47%) consecutively. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between their self-efficacy about open and closed suction (P = 0.06). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> More of those studied nurses had a technical institute in both groups of suction. Also, there is an overall difference in satisfactory performance levels between open ET suction group I and closed ET suction group II. Additionally, their self-efficacy level is high in open group I compared to the ET closed suction group II.<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Recommendations:</strong> In-service-led continuous training courses improve nurses' performance in the closed suction system and upgrade open suction in addition to enhancing their self-efficacy level in both. ICU nurses ought to be attentive sequentially for the use of the suction system and updated nursing guidelines in regular practice.</p>
ArticlesFatma Mohamed Elmansy
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2022-12-152022-12-152230223610.47750/p1w25823Phase Solubility Studies Of Metformin Inclusion Complexes With Various Polymers Of Β-Cyclodextrin And Its Derivatives
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10795
<p>With the help of inclusion complexes formed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), respectively, the current study aims to assess the potential for improving the solubility of metformin (MET), an oral antidiabetic drug, in water. It also estimates their composition and apparent stability constants, Kst, from phase-solubility diagrams. We have observed that the phase solubility diagrams of MET - β-CD and RAMEB are B type, whereas the ones for the MET - HP-β-CD inclusion complex are A type. Since the zwitterionic structure of MET is lipophilic, all calculations were carried out in buffered phosphate solutions (pH 6). The phase-solubility diagrams show that the presence of β-CD and its derivatives, HP-β-CD and RAMEB, enhances the solubility of MET to varying degrees depending on the type of cyclodextrin.</p>
ArticlesGamal Osman Elhassan , Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed , Jiyauddin Khan
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2023-12-252023-12-2515215610.47750/6b381b31Phase Solubility Studies Of Metformin Inclusion Complexes With Various Polymers OfΒ-Cyclodextrin And Its Derivatives
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10794
<p>With the help of inclusion complexes formed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), respectively, the current study aims to assess the potential for improving the solubility of metformin (MET), an oral antidiabetic drug, in water. It also estimates their composition and apparent stability constants, Kst, from phase-solubility diagrams. We have observed that the phase solubility diagrams of MET - β-CD and RAMEB are B type, whereas the ones for the MET - HP-β-CD inclusion complex are A type. Since the zwitterionic structure<br />of MET is lipophilic, all calculations were carried out in buffered phosphate solutions (pH 6). The phase-solubility diagrams show that the presence of β-CD and its derivatives, HP-β-CD and RAMEB, enhances the solubility of MET to varying degrees depending on the type of cyclodextrin.</p>
ArticlesGamal Osman Elhassan , Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed , Jiyauddin Khan
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2023-12-012023-12-0114715110.47750/xk6fc843Synthesis And Characterization Of Hydrazide Based 1,3-Benzoxazole Derivatives As Antitubercular Agents
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10790
<p><strong>INTRODUCTION </strong></p> <p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common, communicable, and fatal diseases known to mankind. Tuberculosis is one of the world’s great public health threats due to resistance to existing drugs. It is potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. The mycobacterium tuberculosis usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB is spread through the air when a person with TB of lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks.</p> <p><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS </strong></p> <p>To Synthesize the hydrazide based Benzoxazole derivatives as Antitubercular agents and Study their biological activity along with structural assessment by using the various techniques of structural elucidation. All chemicals required for the synthesis were procured from Lobachem Laboratories, all chemical are synthetic grade.</p> <p><strong>REUSLT AND DISCUSSION </strong></p> <p>All the above compounds synthesized from 2-phenyl benzoxazole -5 carboxylic acid hydrazide with the reactive carboxylic group , acetophenone analogs to forming cyclization followed by peptide bond . In the synthetic pathway, during synthesis of intermediate 2 i.e, reduction of nitro group into amino group done by sodium dithionite this reaction was optimized by using various reducing agents like Zn/HCL, stannous chloride, copper sulphate and sodium borohydride but there is no desired product obtained. The purity of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by melting point and thin layer chromatography</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION </strong></p> <p>The dissertation is concluded that the synthesized molecules are effective in inhibiting the mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase (cmaA1) which is play important role in mycolicbacterial cell wall growth. All compounds are showing the significant effect on target enzyme.</p>
ArticlesRita D. Chakole , Manoj S. Charde , Pralay A. Barhewar
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2022-12-312022-12-316764678110.47750/v82rwq78Formulation And Characterization Of Chitosan Based Mucoadhesive Microspheres For Treatment Of Intestinal Infection
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10789
<p>The mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres prepared by different method were evaluated by studying the interaction between mucin and microspheres<strong> </strong>at targeted site. The aim of this study was to investigate the capabilities of chitosan microspheres as drug carrier system to improve the site specific drug delivery via mucoadhesion approach. Different formulations were developed and morphological studies of the optimized formulas showed that the size range of spherical shaped particulate matters. It was planned to develop naturally occurring biodegradable polymer based colon- targeted drug delivery systems of selected drug or drug combination for the prevention of intestinal round worm. Such site-specific drug delivery systems are expected to provide majority of their drug load to colon without being released in stomach and small intestine. As a result, it may be possible to provide an effective and safe therapy for the prevention of intestinal infection with a lower dose of drug. The in vivo mucoadhesive study was further selected by the radiological technique for justified the increased residency time in the stomach. Thus chitosan microspheres appear, technically, promising mucoadhesive drug delivery systems for delivering metronidazole to treatment stomach worms at site specific intestine.</p>
ArticlesMayur Sharad Patel and Abhishek Dwivedi
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2022-12-312022-12-316751676310.47750/f8tp9d85Plato’s Theory Of Education In Comparison With The Deregulation Of Education In North Central, Nigeria
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10787
<p>The study examined Plato’s theory of education in comparison with the deregulation of education in North Central, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design in which four research questions were formulated. The population of the study consists of 31,486 subjects (31,415 teachers and 71 SUBEB principal officials, in North Central, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in sampling 530 respondents (499 primary school teachers and 31 SUBEB principal officials). A researcher developed questionnaire titled “Plato’s theory of education and education deregulation Questionnaire (PTEEDQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts, two from Philosophy of Education and one from Measurement and Evaluation, all from the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Crombach Alpha was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument. This yielded reliability indices of cluster A, 0.82, Cluster B, 0.76, Cluster C, 0.78, and Cluster D, 0.7<strong> </strong>with an overall reliability score of 0.77. The four research questions were answered using mean (x) and Standard Deviation (SD). The result showed that education deregulation has not provided access to equality of educational opportunity in line with Plato’s theory of education, education deregulation has not helped in the provision of education for state unity in line with Plato’s theory of education, education deregulation has not helped in the provision of compulsory access to basic education in line with Plato’s theory of education, education deregulation has not helped in the acquisition of appropriate level of literacy needed for laying of solid foundation for life-long learning as enunciated by Plato. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher among others recommends that; Government through Federal ministry of education should provide relevant curriculum which emphasize vocational education for the acquisition of appropriate level of literacy needed for laying of solid foundation for life-long learning.</p>
ArticlesRev Fr Timothy Emeka Asogwa, Isaac Nnamdi Mbaji, Ari Abubakar Omame, Francis Michael Okechukwu Enyosiobi and Rev Fr Felix Ugwuozor
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2023-09-132023-09-1312714010.47750/j93e6k21under processing
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10786
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results
2024-01-102024-01-1012112610.47750/tzhk1w72Phase Solubility Studies Of Metformin Inclusion Complexes With Various Polymers Of Β-Cyclodextrin And Its Derivatives
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10785
<p>With the help of inclusion complexes formed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), and randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), respectively, the current study aims to assess the potential for improving the solubility of metformin (MET), an oral antidiabetic drug, in water. It also estimates their composition and apparent stability constants, Kst, from phase-solubility diagrams. We have observed that the phase solubility diagrams of MET - β-CD and RAMEB are B type, whereas the ones for the MET - HP-β-CD inclusion complex are A type. Since the zwitterionic structure of MET is lipophilic, all calculations were carried out in buffered phosphate solutions (pH 6). The phase-solubility diagrams show that the presence of β-CD and its derivatives, HP-β-CD and RAMEB, enhances the solubility of MET to varying degrees depending on the type of cyclodextrin.</p>
ArticlesGamal Osman Elhassan , Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed , Jiyauddin Khan
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2023-05-182023-05-182929293310.47750/4jcfqy83Screening Of Formulations For The Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Selected Medicinal Plants
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10782
<p>Medicinal plants are an essential component of humanhealth-care system. India is one of top twelve bio-diversity hotspots, having over 45,000 plant species. 15,000 to 20,000 plants in this flora have therapeutic use. Only roughly 7,000 of these plants are employed in various systems. According to a recent survey, more than half of all pharmaceuticals prescribed by rational physicians are either directly obtained from natural sources or manufactured by natural models as the sole or one of multiple constituents. Inflammatory diseases and its complications like gastrointestinalsymptoms including diarrhea, abdominalpain, GI bleeding, anemia,weight loss,arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis,sclerosing cholangitis, uveitis, iritis, pyoderma1gangrenosum & erythemanodosum take major on quality of life elderly and the healthcare costs of the society. Thus the present study aimed to phytopharmacological screening and formulation development of the selected herbs. The present research work concluded that three selected herbs; Syzygium cumini leaves, Moringa oleifera leaves and stem of Cissus quadrangularis showed significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activities in their methanolic & aqueous extracts. Results of the study is shows that a polyherbal aqueous extract of all the three herbs in conventional topical semisolid preparations like w/o cream, and o/w cream; showed significant (p<0.05) anti inflammatory activity ascompared to absorption and water soluble ointment bases.</p>
ArticlesUpendra Singh , Dr. Shikhar Verma
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2022-09-152022-09-15111661117710.47750/kvyjpr29Preparation And Standardization Of A Polyherbal Formulation For Analgesic Activity Of Selected Plants
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10781
<p>Ayurveda is the oldest healing system of medicine. Major formulations used in Ayurveda are based on herbs. The medicinal herbs are used as decoctions, infusions, tinctures, and powders. Ayurvedic treaties like Charaka, Sushruta have included special chapters on Ayurvedic preparations in the chapters on "Kalp-Sthana". It deals with methods of preparation and dose of formulations. When two or more herbs are used in formulations, they are known as polyherbal formulations. Some time herbs are also combined with mineral preparations. The concept of polyherbalism is peculiar to Ayurveda although it is difficult to explain in terms of modern parameters. Sanghar “samhita” highlights the concept of synergism behind polyherbal formulations. Thus the present study aimed to preparation and standardization of a polyherbal formulation for analgesic activity. The present research work concluded that three selected herbs; Syzygium cumini leaves, Moringa oleifera leaves and stem of Cissus quadrangularis showed significant (p<0.05) analgesic activities in their methanolic & aqueous extracts.</p>
ArticlesUpendra Singh , Dr. Shikhar Verma
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2022-05-202022-05-203068307710.47750/endya797Quantification And Antioxidant Activity Of Olive Leaves (Olea Europaea L.) Of Algerian Varieties
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10780
<p>Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in research focused on extracting biologically active compounds from natural sources as Olea europaea L. The objective of the current study was to explore the content of some antioxidants extracted from olive leaves of nine Algerian cultivars. Subsequently, the antioxidant activities of these compounds extracts were assessed.</p> <p>The antioxidant properties were determined through total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH, and reducing power assays. The results indicated that ethanolic extracts of all studied cultivars are rich in total antioxidant compounds. Abani extract exhibited the highest TAC (499.70 ± 15.93 mg AAE/g DW), the highest reducing power (A0.5 = 11.03 ± 1.47 μg /ml) and was the most effective against the DPPH free radical (IC50 = 46.67 ± 1.58 μg /ml). Furthermore, the study revealed that the cultivar factor significantly influenced the antioxidant properties. The results obtained in the present study indicate that ethanolic extract of Algerian olive leaves constitute a potential source of natural antioxidants, and support the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of infectious diseases.</p>
ArticlesMokhtar Guissous , Hasna Boulkroune, Nasreddine Mekhoukh
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2023-12-152023-12-1583784410.47750/nqffme11A Study On Work - Life Balance, Family-Work Conflict And Work-Family Conflict Among Women Nurses Of Government Hospitals In Thoothukudi District
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10778
<p>The need and necessity of enjoying the comforts and facilities of modern life compels both men and women in facilities to share the responsibility of earning well. As the time has changed women as nurses from housekeeping, they have stepped out to shoulder the burden of family maintenance. The present study is confined to working women nurses of Government hospitals in Thoothukudi district. It necessitates the collection of primary information for the execution of this study on work - life balance, family-work conflict and work-family conflict among women nurses of government hospitals. For the purpose of data collection, taluk-wise lists of women nurses were obtained from the Deputy Director of Medical Services in every 10 taluks. Thoothukudi district comprises of 10 taluks and Government Hospitals situated at 10 taluks (places) in the district. The number of permanent women nurses in each taluk including doctors, nurses, technicians, pharmacists, and as on date 31<sup>st</sup> March 2020 were recorded for selecting samples for primary data collection. To give a specific focus to the objectives, the following null hypotheses have been formulated to test the women nurses working in urban and rural areas of Government hospitals by using appropriate statistical tool. A sample of 25 percent of the women nurses was accurately concentrated in the selected 10 taluks of the Thoothukudi district. Therefore, there were 100 sample women nurses from urban 80 and rural 20 randomly selected from the above-mentioned 10 taluks by stratified proportionated random sampling method. work - life balance, family-work conflict and work-family conflict have been examined.</p>
ArticlesD. Janaki , Dr. J. Moses Gnanakkan
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2022-12-312022-12-316742675010.47750/20tmf520A Study On Ambient Air Quality In Bilaspur District With Respect To National Ambiant Sir Quality Standard Naaqs 2009
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10777
<p>Air pollution is a major environmental health hazard, causing a wide range of adverse effects on human health. It can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and even early death. The severity of the health effects of air pollution depends on a number of factors, including the type and concentration of pollutants, the duration of exposure, and the person's health status. Children, pregnant women, and older adults are often more susceptible to the effects of air pollution. Air pollution can also have a significant impact on the economy, costing billions of dollars in healthcare costs and lost productivity. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 7 million people die each year from air pollution-related diseases. This is more than the number of people who die from traffic accidents, HIV/AIDS, and violence combined. Air pollutants like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. This has a domino effect, leading to rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and disruptions to natural ecosystems.</p>
ArticlesNeeta Mishra , Dr. Manish Upadhyay
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2023-10-202023-10-206735674110.47750/mnxbqw48Application Of Rousseau’s Social Contract In Conflict Resolution Between The Federal Government Of Nigeria And Academic Staff Union Of Universities
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10775
<p>The study examined Rousseau’s Social Contract (RSC) with the view to determining its applicability in resolving the conflict between the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU). The study adopted a descriptive survey design in which five research questions were formulated. The population of the study consists of 3,921 subjects (13 directors of federal ministry of education and 3,908 academic staff of federal universities in South-East Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in sampling 580 respondents (13 directors of federal ministry of education and 567 academic staff). A researcher developed questionnaire titled “Application of Rousseau’s Social Contract in conflict resolution Questionnaire (ARSCCRQ) was used for data collection. Crombach Alpha was used to ascertain the internal consistency of the instrument. This yielded reliability indices of cluster A, 0.84, Cluster B, 0.78, Cluster C, 0.88, Cluster D, 0.86<strong> </strong>and<strong> </strong>Cluster E, 0.82 with an overall reliability score of 0.83. The five research questions were answered using mean (x) and Standard Deviation (SD). An overview of the overall results showed that academic staff unions of the university were confronted with lots of challenges in Nigerian universities. The consequences of conflicts between the FGN and ASUU in Nigerian Universities among others include: disruption of academic calendar in the Universities and closing down of universities. The issue of university funding as proposed by ASUU can be resolved by adopting the tenets of Rousseau’s general will contract. The issue of university autonomy as proposed by ASUU can be resolved through the tenets of Rousseau’s direct democracy contract and that the issue of staff conditions of service as proposed by ASUU can be resolved by adopting the tenets of Rousseau’s self enslavement contract. Considering the results of the study, the researcher among others recommends that: avenues such as seminars and workshops should be provided for the government and the university administrators to deliberate on issues regarding the university funding, university autonomy and staff conditions of service. This is necessary to ensure that the academics will neither develop attitudes of hostility towards the government nor the government becomes intolerant of the academic staff.</p>
ArticlesIsaac Nnamdi Mbaji , Rev Fr Timothy Emeka Asogwa , Peter Iwunna and Rev Fr Felix Ugwuozor , Ebuta, Erasmus Eyang
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2023-09-152023-09-1510012010.47750/pnzgtz31Simultaneous Estimation Of Luliconazole, Fusidic Acid And Its Percentage Recovery Study Of Marketed Preperations
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10770
<p>This research paper describes a simple, precise, and accurate UV-Vis Spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Luliconazole and Fusidic acid of marketed product. This method includes the formation and solving of a simultaneous equation using 295 nm and 215 nm as two analytical wavelengths (λmax of the drugs) of detection. Both the drugs followed Beer-Lambert’s law over the concentration range 10-60 μg/mL for Luliconazole and Fusidic acid. Validation of the new developed method was done by linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness as per ICH guidelines and the results of the analysis were validated statistically. Conclusion: The available information from the research will be very informative towards the multi-component analysis of these drugs and will open new paradigms in the upcoming research in the field of analysis.</p>
ArticlesVIVEK G PETE , DR LAXMIKANT N BARDE
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2022-09-152022-09-15111531116510.47750/cjas8224The Awareness Of Selected University Students About Nursing Care For Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10766
<p>Cancer management is a radical event that is accompanied by severe side effects related to the cancer itself or/and therapeutic interventions. Particularly, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is the most prevalent neurological complication of chemotherapy. So that awareness of nursing students will play a crucial role in managing this painful condition. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to assess the awareness of selected university students about nursing care for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in Ismailia City. <strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional design was utilized with convenient samples that were recruited (622 students). Utilizing a self-administered questionnaire to assess the participants’ awareness about nursing care for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. <strong>Results:</strong> The findings clarified that 52% were female and 38% had a mean age of 21. Most (58% of students) showed low levels of awareness. There was a statistically significant relationship found between the student's level of awareness about nursing care for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and their demographic data (p <0.05). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Obviously, less than half of the participant students were aged between 20-22 years, more than half of them were female. Furthermore, most of the participant students had a low level of awareness, and there were related factors such as place of residence, academic level, and affiliations. <strong>Recommendations:</strong> Consequently, continuous competent health education for students should be made to improve their level of awareness and their near-future roles. Further research studies are necessary to identify their educational needs and the factors that influence the university students' level of awareness related to CIPN.</p>
ArticlesMohamed Goda Elbqry
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2022-12-152022-12-152223222910.47750/Synthesis And Characterization Of Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanohybrids With Potent Antibacterial Capability
https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/10765
<p>Graphene and graphene oxide could be a material that has generated monumental analysis interest and activity within the past few years due to its outstanding properties and wide applications within the fields. A simple method based on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/electrostatic-interaction">electrostatic interactions</a> was utilized to assemble <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/silver-nanoparticle">silver nanoparticles</a> (AgNPs) to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/graphene-oxide">graphene oxide</a> (GO). This method allows conjugation of AgNPs with desired morphologies (densities, sizes and shapes) onto Graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) were synthesized by modified Chemical reduction methods, respectively. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, The surface morphology of synthesized nanoparticles was studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. as-prepared graphene oxide–AgNPs composites (GO–AgNPs) have enhanced colloid stability. Antibacterial activities of the new synthesis compounds were investigated against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, by cup plate method. Antibacterial activity was studied in terms of inhibition zone diameters, in addition to the estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (100μg/mL) of the prepared compounds. E. coli and S.aureus were the most affected microorganisms, The newly synthesized compounds have higher, randomly and potent activity with all MIC concentrations.</p>
ArticlesSonali S. Rahate and Chaitali C. Bidkar
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2022-07-152022-07-158289829710.47750/